论文标题

水冰的柔韧性和表面铁电。

Flexoelectricity and surface ferroelectricity of water ice

论文作者

Wen, Xin, Ma, Qianqian, Mannino, Anthony, Fernandez-serra, Marivi, Shen, Shengping, Catalan, Gustau

论文摘要

冰的相图很复杂,包含许多相,但是尽管单个水分子是极性的,但最常见的(在环境压力下的冷冻水,也称为IH冰)是一种非极性材料。因此,冰不是压电,不能在压力下产生电力3。另一方面,极化和应变梯度之间的耦合(挠性电位)是通用的4,因此从理论上讲,冰可能会在弯曲下产生电力。在这里,我们报告了实验证明,即冰是挠性的,发现系数为1.14+-0.13 Nc/m,与Srtio3,Tio2或Pbzro3等陶瓷相当。此外,出乎意料的是,挠性测量对表面边界条件的敏感性也揭示了围绕冰块近地面区域的〜160K周围的铁电相变。冰的机电特性可能会发现在寒冷和偏远位置制造的低成本传感器的应用。重要的是,自然现象也有后果。特别是,我们已经计算了冰淇淋碰撞中产生的柔性电荷密度,并发现它与此类事件中传递的实验电荷相当,这表明可能参与雷暴的充电中可能参与。

The phase diagram of ice is complex and contains many phases, but the most common (frozen water at ambient pressure, also known as Ih ice) is a non-polar material despite individual water molecules being polar1,2. Consequently, ice is not piezoelectric and cannot generate electricity under pressure3. On the other hand, the coupling between polarization and strain gradient (flexoelectricity) is universal4, so ice may in theory generate electricity under bending. Here we report the experimental demonstration that ice is flexoelectric, finding a coefficient of 1.14+-0.13 nC/m, comparable to that of ceramics such as SrTiO3, TiO2, or PbZrO3. Additionally, and unexpectedly, the sensitivity of flexoelectric measurements to surface boundary conditions has also revealed a ferroelectric phase transition around ~160K confined in the near-surface region of the ice slabs. The electromechanical properties of ice may find applications for low-cost transducers made in-situ in cold and remote locations. Importantly, there are also consequences for natural phenomena. In particular, we have calculated the flexoelectric charge density generated in ice-graupel collisions, and found it to be comparable to the experimental charge transferred in such events, suggesting a possible participation of ice flexoelectricity in the charging up of thunderstorms.

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