论文标题
相对论量子力学的测量和概率
Measurement and Probability in Relativistic Quantum Mechanics
论文作者
论文摘要
最终,量子测量的任何解释都必须扩展到相对论量子力学(RQM),因为许多基于RQM的量子场理论(QFT)得出了许多精确确认的实验结果。当然,在相对论的情况下,传统的“崩溃”假设是量子测量的问题,至少是因为通常表达,它违反了同时性的相对性。本文通过相对论的测量模型来解决这一问题,其中宇宙状态被分解为记录在其中记录的测量的变形历史。从本质上讲,这种方法是埃弗里特人,从某种意义上说,它使用了RQM的未修改,统一的量子形式主义。但是,它通过典型的“许多世界”解释解决了如何在不同可能的``世界''上定义概率'的典型解释。为此,Zurek的Envariance概念被推广到相对论时期的背景,从而客观定义了与Born的规则一致的任何一个量子历史的概率。然后表明,随着重复的数量增加,宇宙中任何重复实验的统计数据也倾向于遵循出生规则。我们实际上用于此类实验的波函数是通用本质状态的非常粗糙的叠加叠加的局部降低,并且它们的“崩溃”可以简单地解释为基于从我们宇宙的“真实”本特征的测量中获得的其他增量知识的更新。
Ultimately, any explanation of quantum measurement must be extendable to relativistic quantum mechanics (RQM), since many precisely confirmed experimental results follow from quantum field theory (QFT), which is based on RQM. Certainly, the traditional "collapse" postulate for quantum measurement is problematic in a relativistic context, at the very least because, as usually formulated, it violates the relativity of simultaneity. The present paper addresses this with a relativistic model of measurement in which the state of the universe is decomposed into decoherent histories of measurements recorded within it. The approach is essentially Everettian, in the sense that it uses the unmodified, unitary quantum formalism of RQM. But it addresses the difficulty with typical "many worlds" interpretations on how to even define probabilities over different possible ``worlds''. To do this, Zurek's concept of envariance is generalized to the context of relativistic spacetime, giving an objective definition of the probability of any one of the quantum histories, consistent with Born's rule. It is then shown that the statistics of any repeated experiment within the universe also tend to follow the Born rule as the number of repetitions increases. The wave functions that we actually use for such experiments are local reductions of very coarse-grained superpositions of universal eigenstates, and their "collapse" can be re-interpreted as simply an update based on additional incremental knowledge gained from a measurement about the "real" eigenstate of our universe.