论文标题

经济上可行的随机性

Economically Viable Randomness

论文作者

Yakira, David, Asayag, Avi, Grayevsky, Ido, Keidar, Idit

论文摘要

我们研究了提供\ emph {经济上可行的随机性}(EVR)的区块链应用的问题,即具有重大经济后果的随机性。 EVR的应用包括基于区块链的彩票和赌博。 EVR来源保证(i)保密,确保随机位保密,直到某些预定义的条件表明它们可以安全露出(例如,彩票的门票销售关闭),以及(ii)稳健性,保证一旦条件持续就会发表随机位。我们将EVR问题正式化,并在类似以太坊的区块链抽象的基础上解决,该抽象支持智能合约和可转让的本地硬币。随机性是通过分布式的开放式提交计划来产生的,这些计划是通过游戏理论代理人努力最大化其硬币持有量的。请注意,在经济环境中,此类代理商可能会从破坏保密或鲁棒性中获利,并可能与此结束(通过智能合同)进行副协议。我们的解决方案创造了一种激励结构,以反驳这种攻击。我们证明,遵循协议产生了稳定的状态,称为防止联盟的NASH均衡,没有一个由球员组成的联盟可以同意偏离。在这种稳定的状态下,稳健性和保密性得到满足。最后,我们通过以太坊实施EVR来源。

We study the problem of providing blockchain applications with \emph{economically viable randomness} (EVR), namely, randomness that has significant economic consequences. Applications of EVR include blockchain-based lotteries and gambling. An EVR source guarantees (i) secrecy, assuring that the random bits are kept secret until some predefined condition indicates that they are safe to reveal (e.g., the lottery's ticket sale closes), and (ii) robustness, guaranteeing that the random bits are published once the condition holds. We formalize the EVR problem and solve it on top of an Ethereum-like blockchain abstraction, which supports smart contracts and a transferable native coin. Randomness is generated via a distributed open commit-reveal scheme by game-theoretic agents who strive to maximize their coin holdings. Note that in an economic setting, such agents might profit from breaking secrecy or robustness, and may engage in side agreements (via smart contracts) to this end. Our solution creates an incentive structure that counters such attacks. We prove that following the protocol gives rise to a stable state, called Coalition-Proof Nash Equilibrium, from which no coalition comprised of a subset of the players can agree to deviate. In this stable state, robustness and secrecy are satisfied. Finally, we implement our EVR source over Ethereum.

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