论文标题

MAPLUR:探索一种新的范式,用于使用地图图像上的深度学习来估算空气污染

MapLUR: Exploring a new Paradigm for Estimating Air Pollution using Deep Learning on Map Images

论文作者

Steininger, Michael, Kobs, Konstantin, Zehe, Albin, Lautenschlager, Florian, Becker, Martin, Hotho, Andreas

论文摘要

土地利用回归(LUR)模型对于评估没有测量站的地区的空气污染浓度很重要。尽管存在许多此类模型,但他们经常使用基于本地可用的限制性数据来手动构造的功能。因此,它们通常很难繁殖和挑战,以适应超出其发展方面的领域。在本文中,我们提倡对LUR模型进行范式转变:我们提出了数据驱动,开放,全局(狗)范式,该范式需要仅使用公开和全球可用的数据基于纯粹数据驱动的方法进行模型。该范式内的进展将减轻专家将模型适应可用数据源的本地特征的需求,从而促进空气污染模型在全球范围内对新领域的普遍性。为了说明LUR狗范式的可行性,我们介绍了一种名为Maplur的深度学习模型。它基于卷积神经网络体系结构,并且在不需要手动功能工程的情况下仅在全球且公开的地图数据上进行培训。我们将模型与最新的基线进行比较,例如线性回归,随机森林和多层感知器,使用大型数据集的建模$ \ text {no} _2 $浓度在伦敦市中心。我们的结果表明,即使Maplur提供了手动量身定制的功能,但它们的表现也明显优于这些方法。此外,我们说明,基于狗范式的模型固有的自动特征提取可以学习容易解释的功能,并且非常类似于传统LUR方法中常用的功能。

Land-use regression (LUR) models are important for the assessment of air pollution concentrations in areas without measurement stations. While many such models exist, they often use manually constructed features based on restricted, locally available data. Thus, they are typically hard to reproduce and challenging to adapt to areas beyond those they have been developed for. In this paper, we advocate a paradigm shift for LUR models: We propose the Data-driven, Open, Global (DOG) paradigm that entails models based on purely data-driven approaches using only openly and globally available data. Progress within this paradigm will alleviate the need for experts to adapt models to the local characteristics of the available data sources and thus facilitate the generalizability of air pollution models to new areas on a global scale. In order to illustrate the feasibility of the DOG paradigm for LUR, we introduce a deep learning model called MapLUR. It is based on a convolutional neural network architecture and is trained exclusively on globally and openly available map data without requiring manual feature engineering. We compare our model to state-of-the-art baselines like linear regression, random forests and multi-layer perceptrons using a large data set of modeled $\text{NO}_2$ concentrations in Central London. Our results show that MapLUR significantly outperforms these approaches even though they are provided with manually tailored features. Furthermore, we illustrate that the automatic feature extraction inherent to models based on the DOG paradigm can learn features that are readily interpretable and closely resemble those commonly used in traditional LUR approaches.

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